As by far the most recognisable AVE, the thunderstorm is commonly triggered on warm, humid days, by naturally-occurring thermals.

The fast-rising thermal of highly-buoyant, warm, humid air, drives the formation of a ‘Normal’ Ring Vortex (NRV) which will inevitably ascend at precisely ½ the speed of the core thermal.

Depending upon the prevailing conditions, thunderheads normally rise to ~10km (~33,000ft.) However, if suitably powered, they can rise to the top of the tropopause, at ~around 15km, (50,000ft). As the vortex is then slowed by the temperature inversion of the Tropopause, the vortex’s rotational energy is expelled by sending a spike, now known as a Hot Tower, kilometers higher, into the Stratosphere.

Hot towers can be shown as providing a primary positive feedback mechanism (PFM) in both, the Global Energy Cycle and the now-recovered technology of (specifically) the Great pyramids.