MACE Engine

The basis of the MACE, and the Primary “Atmospheric Vortex Engines” (AVEs)

Basic facts behind the development of the MACE technology:

1. All storms are driven by extreme temperature and/or pressure gradients. Significantly, the initiating extremes can be either above or below the ambient norm. (ie tropical storm or arctic blizzard)
2. If the basic mechanisms driving these events can be usefully replicated and controlled, 24/7, it would reverse Global Warming and easily provide enough usable energy to power every aspect of our lives.
3. Said to produce more energy that all the power stations on Earth combined, cyclones regularly last days or eve weeks and, in 1974, Pacific cyclone John ran for over a month.
4. At one point, 1979 Pacific Cyclone Tip was 1200km across. It ran for 20 days and, at 870mb, its eye pressure was a record 140mb below the ambient norm.
5. In Nature, a tropical cyclone cannot develop fully unless the sea temperature is over 26.5oC but, over much cooler water, it can then degrade into a non-tropical storm and continue for many weeks.
6. A common initial trigger for a cyclone is the collapse of a Hot Tower, an energy spike reaching high into the Stratosphere above major storm cells within marine-based Tropical Depressions.
7. Hot Towers play a significant role in Global Warming but an even more significant role in solving it.

The basic concept and vortexes behind the MACE technology

By pro-actively triggering both entirely-natural and hybrid vortex combinations not found in Nature, the MACE technology can potentially sustain its results indefinitely.

The main weather events amenable to some form of control are the ‘normal’ and ‘inverted’ (horizontal) ring vortex (NRV, IRV), the vertical linear vortex (VLV), and the thermals from hot and (more especially), wetted surfaces. However, whilst all have major roles to play, it’s only the IRV, of the eye of a cyclone, that has the unique potential to run 24/7 and on an indefinite and all-year-round basic, quite possibly scaled to extract usable energy from any major source of open water, from a large lake to the ocean itself.

Whilst other forms of energy can also be included for greater autonomy and flexibility, (especially microwaves)  it’s atmospheric thermals and the IRV that are intended as the main source of the energy that will ultimately drive the four main “Atmospheric Vortex Engines” (AVEs) of the MACE technology, a technology that’s new to us but is in fact, quite literally, as old as the pyramids from which it’s derived .

Recovered primarily by reverse-engineering the Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria and then the “Great” Pyramids of both Egypt and Mexico, the technology represents an entirely new approach to energy generation and use that’s totally compatible with maintaining the ‘Balance of Nature’, essential for our continued survival as a developing civilisation.

The Primary Mechanisms driving the ‘MACE’ Technology

1.The Pyramids automatically generate thermals and NRVs.  As clearly the 1st simplest component of the overall technology, they’re readily enlarged and enhanced and have obvious potential in controlling the weather at every level.

The potential of the thermals (and NRVs) created by pyramids to influence the weather on a local, regional and even a global scale, could scarcely be overstated. However, whilst evidence might be thought thin on the ground, it’s available at some level, on every habitable land mass and on strategic islands right around the world as clear evidence of the use of a global technology in our distant past. 

I explore elsewhere, (in Pyramids)  the role of each type and size of pyramids in climate control but there is also obvious potential, for larger pyramids especially, to once again play a major role in powering medium to long range commercial flight applications, including access to space, where fuel requirements could be slashed by over 90%. Whilst this possibility has previously been demonstrated by Leik Myrabo’s experiments with his laser-powered Lightcraft, the MACE technology could make the base concept viable almost immediately, simply by using solar energy and the thermals produced by pyramids, possibly enhanced with heliostats and other known technologies, like microwaves.

The Basic Forces driving the MACE Technology

In mechanically replicating the GEC, the basic MACE engine is perhaps best appreciated from the perspective of an animation of the very first steam engine of the Industrial Era, Thomas Newcomen’s  “Atmospheric” Steam Engine, built in 1712.

Unlike later steam engines, although grossly inefficient, the Newcomen engine embodies the exact same principles found in Nature, using flash condensation rather than pressurised steam.

Nature produces <1000x more power than the whole of Industry combined, but Industry commonly assumes that an ‘atmospheric’ engine simply cannot supply the essential energy-density (E/D) needed to meet our insatiable demand for ‘usable’ power.

Since Nature is doing it all the time, the basic assumption, “that it’s impossible to extract ‘usable energy’ from the open ocean” is obviously irrational. However, to do it safely and sustainably certainly requires we copy Nature far more closely that we have in the past.

Historically, Newcomen’s “Atmospheric” Steam Engine, used extensively for pumping water from mines and replacing watermills, was the only type available for 50 years. Powerful, but horrendously slow and inefficient, when James Watt modified the machine to use steam under pressure, the Newcomen engine was superseded and quickly forgotten.

However, whilst James Watts’ ‘improvements’ were undoubtedly responsible for introducing the Industrial Era, his new engine had changed the basic principles of its operation and thus introduced our ‘apparently-inevitable’ dependence on fossil fuels and all the problems, now being faced, of global warming.

Had the Newcomen engine instead been ‘improved’ by more carefully copying Nature and sticking with the basic principles, it’s just possible we might have avoided 300 years of major pollution and the very real possibility now being faced, of a global climatic catastrophe.

The Basic MACE Engine

The MACE engine is essentially a cross between Newcomen’s engine and the Pharos technology, introduced next. With minimal priming, it offers a means of directly tapping into the latent energy available in the open ocean.

A specific advantage of the MACE engine is that it can potentially take advantage of any available Energy Differential (E/D), not just those found in Nature.

With one vortex to produce vapour and another to replace Newcomen’s cold-water spray, the MACE engine largely eliminates the basic inefficiencies of the original machine. 

Reliability and efficiency can also be significantly enhanced with the appropriate use of steam, venturis, Thermo-Electric cells (TECs) and/or ultrasonic misters, indeed anything that appropriately increases the available E/D.

To work properly, the IRV MUST be kept horizontal and preferably over open water (or other suitable heat source) and the linear (tornado) vortex tube must be vertical.

As essentially a turbine version of the Newcomen engine, it uses two juxtaposed atmospheric vortexes in a unique, hybrid array that avoids entirely the Newcomen engine’s gross inefficiencies. In it, a manmade cyclone over open water supplies water-vapour, as fuel, to a tornado developed within a central low-pressure vortex tube.

In theory, once started, a MACE engine can run indefinitely on energy supplied directly from the atmosphere and/or open ocean, with the initial triggers, now on minimal power, providing the PFM, in what is essentially a control circuit.

One vortex feeds the other in an endless cycle, all ultimately driven by latent energy, extracted from the surrounding ocean by the Wind Chill Effect (WCE).

The mechanism artificially combines the special abilities of two very different vortexes; the cyclone’s ability to release energy from the surface of the open ocean by forced evaporation, and a tornado’s ability to flash-condense that vapour back into fresh water within a central vortex tube.

The Pharos technology – Solar-based Desalination

As the 1st artificial ‘Atmospheric’ vortex engine (AVE), the Pharos’ primary vortex was in the air surrounding a 140m tall vertical stone tower, sited on an island, ~1km offshore. By its very nature, the tower had to be surrounded by an open water GPB, or some reasonable facsimile, from which the vapour to keep it all going was created by the natural rotation of an IRV.

The central tower, contained a low-pressure vortex tube that flash-condensed the returning vapour, releasing cold water and relatively dry, cold air at the base. The water was removed and the cold, now dry air was then recycled.

Unlike the pyramids, the IRV-based MACE technology, as exploited by the Pharos Lighthouse, uses two vortexes, (the VLV and IRV), but it can potentially run continuously for as long as the IRV is horizontal and continues to be supplied with the basic requirements, including:

1. A well-wetted, horizontal ground plane barrier (GPB): possibly the open sea or better still, a large, shallow sun-warmed bay.
2. A triggering force; commonly a central downdraft of cold, dry air or a totally-enclosing rising ring of water vapour or, better still, both.

At Alexandria, the whole tower and platform of the Pharos were totally surrounded by an expanse of open water. The famous beacon fire supplied the heat required to power the low-pressure vortex generator and three-stage vortex tube that filled the stone tower’s hollow core. [The author’s basic model of the working mechanism instantly confirmed the basic principles.]

In a modern iteration, the vortex rotation would be generated by a tornado housed in a central tower assisted, possibly, by a ring of pyramids producing a fully-enclosed circle of thermals rising around the rim of the proposed AVE.

Reverse-engineering the true purpose of the Pharos Lighthouse was achieved largely by direct extrapolation from these two (obviously original) contemporary engineer’s drawings, and from Lee Krystek’s artistic reconstruction, which also proved remarkably accurate.

As the only vortex array with potential to supply continuous power, the Pharos technology is a direct extension of the Pyramid technology that uses an inverted, mirror-image form of the same basic phenomenon.

The Pharos technology

The IRV-based MACE technology, as exploited by the Pharos (and MACE Aircraft), is highly responsive to external influences and can potentially run continuously for as long as the IRV continues to be supported with the basic requirements it needs. These include:

1. A horizontal, and preferably warm and well-wetted, ground plane barrier (GPB) below; possibly the open sea or, even better, a large tidal bay or inlet or a reasonable (possibly entirely artificial) facsimile.
2. A triggering force, initially sustained for sufficient time to establish an IRV; the trigger would commonly be either a cold, sustained central downdraft from a central tower, and/or a developed circle of water vapour rising from around the rim of the proposed vortex.

A detailed analysis of these drawing allowed the working mechanisms of the Pharos to be reasonably deduced. The basic principles were then confirmed in a 1.5m working model.

The MACE Aircraft

By generating an IRV above the top (wing) surface of the essentially circular and horizontally-aligned, MACE Aircraft, an area of extreme low pressure can be developed rim-to-rim, providing overall lift that could vastly exceeded that of even the most efficient conventional aircraft.

The pressure drop in the eye of a Category 5 cyclone can reach 140mb; that’s 14% below the Ambient mean and represents a static lifting force of 1.4tonne/m2. 

However, even by merely matching a Cat 2-3 storm, an IRV, developed above the GPB of a MACE Aircraft could still lift ~1tonne/m2. Theoretically that’s an average ~5x better than any conventional type of aircraft, at a fraction of the cost.

The basic MACE aircraft produces mainly static lift that, much like a drone, is best suited for point-to-point local flights.

However, should such an aircraft be paired with the thermal from a pyramid or its artificial replacement, it’s potential becomes almost limitless. At best, with pressurisation and GPS, massive payloads could be transported vast distances, point-to-point, at <5x the speed of any conventional road transport.

An Entirely new concept aircraft…

Basically, by replicating a miniature GEC, the MACE Aircraft represents what is perhaps the most obvious application of the MACE (effect). Should an IRV be isolated above an entirely artificial ground plane barrier (GPB), the region of extreme low pressure, normal to the eye of such a vortex, has almost unlimited potential to provide lift for a novel type of aircraft.

Given that, in Nature, the record drop in atmospheric pressure in a cyclone’s eye is ~140mb (870mb, in 1974 Pacific cyclone Tip) and is commonly in the order of 50mb-80mb, the potential of a suitably-designed (circular) aircraft to lift massive payloads could scarcely be more obvious.

Given also, that all IRVs have major potential to convert atmospheric vapour into usable energy, and it’s clear there’s potential for an entirely new Aviation technology to be run, at least partially, on energy extracted in flight from the surrounding atmosphere, possibly supported by batteries and/or beamed energy.

…and an obvious extension of MACE Technology

The (circular) MACE Aircraft employs the same basic phenomena as the Pharos, with an IRV developed over a (now artificial) GPB that forms the entire top surface of the aircraft.

In a normal aircraft, the average (dynamic*) pressure drop is generally ~1/3rd of that found at the top of a conventional wing’s pressure ‘bell curve’. In the MACE aircraft, the lift is a static force and the low pressure area would normally extend beyond the rim with effectively no drop-off. *(Dynamic lift relies on forward motion)

In principle, inherently quieter, safer and vastly cheaper to run, the static lift should be ~2x-4x greater than the conventional drones and helicopters it’s expected to replace.

Based on generating wind speeds of ~110kmh, roughly equal to those of a moderate, Category 2 cyclone, these base figures could potentially double or even treble as the technology is developed and scaled up.

The MACE Aircraft – turning theory into practice

In this proof-of-principle MACE Aircraft design, the IRV used to provide lift is produced by radiating, high-speed jets of humid air. They’re designed to significantly lower the air pressure across the top surface of the whole aircraft. In this model*, just one of many options, the two main parts, hot (shaded pink) and cold (blue), work in unison but are driven independently.

This enlarged, outer ½ section of the concept MACE Aircraft – shows the path of air, drawn in at the centre and fed out past a rim element to a TEC-heated Vapour Chamber. If the air is humid, flash-condensation within the IRV and its eye, can massively improve efficiency by further lower air pressure above the craft.

In the blue-shaded section, the COLD, central condenser unit triggers flash condensation and 2 vertically-aligned counter-rotating axial-flow motor units provide yaw control.

Six air pumps assist the TECs in keeping the inlet air cold and at low pressure and the outer, rim chamber, warm and at high pressure.

Energy extracted directly from the atmosphere (by flash-condensation)   greatly assists in maintaining the

operational efficiency of the MACE aircraft, with much of the energy being recycled.

Power generation and further development

As little more than a concept, the design of a practical power plant using the principles of the MACE technology is, as yet, highly speculative and an updated version of the Pharos, surrounded by a ring of pyramids, is only one of a number of possibilities being explored.

Power production requires a sustained and reliable energy differential (E/D).

1. In both cyclones and the normal MACE technology, the E/D relies on the basic phenomenon of an IRV, a phenomenon that (in theory and with infinite variety) could be extended indefinitely.
2. A ring of pyramids or Solar Updraft Towers could provide the enclosing circle of rising vapour. The latter especially, could be set up rapidly on remote sites with relatively little preparation.
3. Since the  physical boiling point of water is pressure dependent, it’s also theoretically possible that, after lowering the pressure within a toroidal container, the latent heat from say, a dam or reservoir, could boil a refrigerant (or even possibly water) at the ambient temperature, sufficient to drive the MACE generator of a small community.

Until recently, the potential of purpose-built heat pumps and/or steam technology has not been pursued to any great depth, mainly for reasons of cost. As an alternative, small multi-stage axial-flow compressors and TECs have the obvious flexibility needed in exploring all the subtleties of establishing and maintaining vortex rotations and combinations. The potential in many areas, is entirely obvious. How best to refine it, is not always so clear, and the challenges compound where multiple vortexes are involved.

Summary

The MACE Engine is essentially a base concept with many avenues to explore, some with immediate and obvious potential and others that require considerable subtlety.

The engines of Nature’s storms are all initially triggered either by a steep natural rise in humidity or by a vortex that mechanically triggers the same result by creating a sudden, localised drop in pressure along the axis of its rotation. In both cases, the result is the flash condensation of any water vapour contained in the sample. In Nature, the type of vortex can often be anticipated but the results are of course entirely uncontrolled and possibly deadly, whilst the MACE technology seeks ways to both orchestrate and entirely pre-determine the possible results, which can be extraordinarily varied.

The MACE technology seeks to tap into the ever-changing energy scenario within the atmosphere by triggering the appropriate vortex or vortex combination as necessary and either enhancing or mitigating the effects, as required.

The relatively recent discoveries by NASA, linking Hot Towers, cyclones and the Polar Vortex have provided the final pieces of a global puzzle that has challenged enquiring minds for millennia, finally making it possible to solve (and physically prove) some of the oldest enigmas in history. Prime amongst these mysteries, is the true purpose of the 50,000+ pyramids, of all types and sizes, scattered right around our planet, as evidence of by far the oldest engineering-based technology ever employed by humankind.